Salah Fadl, a critical biography

This is a book by a German Orientalist in which he chronicles the era of emergence and formation in Islamic history, and sheds light on Western European thought's approach to that era, its point of view on it, and the clarity of the German Orientalist vision. Julius Wellhausen published his book in an introductory speech and nine chapters. In it, he dealt with the state of Islam in the era of prophecy and a large part of the history of the Muslim caliphs during the reigns of Abu Bakr and Omar, then he presented the events of strife, the killing of Uthman, and how to succeed Ali, then he presented the matter of the Kharijites and their fight in the Battle of Nahrawan, then the killing of Ali, then Hassan bin Ali abdicated the caliphate to Muawiyah. Ibn Abi Sufyan. He narrated the history of the Umayyad state in detail in several successive chapters, and Omar bin Abdul Aziz devoted some of the details to it, then continued the history of the Umayyad state until it reached the stage of its weakness as a state, then its fall and the emergence of the star of the Abbasid state, discussing the reasons for the weakness, relying on European and Arab sources.