In this part, our distinguished philosopher and historian Youssef Karam chronicles a vast time span that spanned several centuries starting from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of the Renaissance and the Modern Age in the fifteenth century until the twentieth century, with the great intellectual momentum and abundance of philosophers and philosophical currents in all countries in this time space. In Europe and America, philosophers spoke about everything and carried the banner of enlightenment and modernization. They brought Europe and the West through the ages of darkness and stagnation, as they called the Middle Ages, to a completely new era that condemned the intellectual, scientific, economic, and even social, artistic, and literary dominance of the West. In this part, Youssef Karam continues to express his critical observations on all the doctrines and ideas that he presents to these philosophers, and we may always notice the high tone of criticism and rejection of these ideas that affect the spiritual orientation of individuals and societies or that question religious beliefs or belittle their importance. Hence, Youssef Karam was not just a neutral opponent, but rather a philosopher who reviewed philosophical opinions and doctrines with the utmost objectivity, and at the same time did not let them pass unnoticed, but was keen to refute what deserved to be refuted and criticize what deserved criticism.