We often use the term "the modern state" founded by Muhammad Ali, but no one can describe the society as modern, because it was actually a society of the half percent, which was suffering from: poverty, ignorance, and disease, and it was an incubator environment for the spread of superstitious thought and backward religious visions, while enlightened religious visions were besieged. Within narrow borders, akin to a "ghetto," within an entire society steeped in its superstitions and deteriorating standards of living. In light of this dualism - the modern state at the level of institutions and backward society - intellectual currents were formed that were more distinct and specific than that reformist tendency that tried to combine the religious and the civil. We saw the beginnings of the formation of liberal or freedom thought in the expressions of Ahmed Lotfi Al-Sayyid, and the beginnings of the formation of the socialist movement at the hands of Salama Moussa and Farah Antun, and the mother group of the political Islam factions, the "Muslim Brotherhood."