Bardiaf's thought is a philosophy of freedom. It confronts "ontological" philosophy. The first principle is not being, but freedom. In other words, freedom triumphs over being. Based on this freedom, God creates man, the free being. Since freedom is by nature irrational, it can lead to good or evil. For Berdiyev, evil is freedom turning against itself. It is the enslavement of man by the worshipers of art, science, and religion who reproduce "the relations of slavery and domination from which the history of humanity emerges."