Holding humans in slavery was not a new concept to indigenous American peoples.In inter-Native American conflict tribes often kept prisoners-of-war, and these captives often replaced slain tribe-members. Africans were enslaved by Native Americans from the colonial period until the United States' Civil War. The interactions between Native American and Africans in the antebellum United States is complex. "The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist" was among the first books which addressed this issue in a critical manner with a special emphasis on the relationship between the Indian nations and the Confederate States.
Contents
General Situation in the Indian Country, 1830-1860
Indian Territory in Its Relations With Texas and Arkansas
The Confederacy in Negotiation With the Indian Tribes
The Indian Nations in Alliance With the Confederacy

Annie Heloise Abel (1873 – 1947) was among the earliest professional historians to study Native Americans. She was one of the first thirty women in the United States to earn a PhD in history. One of the ablest historians of her day, Abel was an expert on the history of British and American Indian policies.